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A variable of type [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/ssl__stream.html `net::ssl::stream<tcp::socket>`] which is already connected and has handshaked with a remote host.
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In both of these cases, an object with a specific type is used in place of the completion handler, and the return value of the initiating function is transformed from `void` to `std::future<std::size_t>` or `std::size_t`. The handler is sometimes called a __CompletionToken__ when used in this context. The return type transformation is supported by customization points in the initiating function signature. Here is the signature for [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/async_write/overload1.html `net::async_write`]:
In both of these cases, an object with a specific type is used in place of the completion handler, and the return value of the initiating function is transformed from `void` to `std::future<std::size_t>` or `std::size_t`. The handler is sometimes called a __CompletionToken__ when used in this context. The return type transformation is supported by customization points in the initiating function signature. Here is the signature for [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/async_write/overload1.html `net::async_write`]:
Note that a `spawn` function itself has a completion signature, but we're ignoring it's result in the example by using `asio::detached`.
Note that a `spawn` function itself has a completion signature, but we're ignoring it's result in the example by using `asio::detached`.
The type of the function's return value is determined by the [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/async_result.html `net::async_result`] customization point, which comes with specializations for common library types such as `std::future` and may also be specialized for user-defined types. The body of the initiating function calls the [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/async_initiate.html `net::async_initiate`] helper to capture the arguments and forward them to the specialization of `async_result`. An additional "initiation function" object is provided which `async_result` may use to immediately launch the operation, or defer the launch of the operation until some point in the future (this is called "lazy execution"). The initiation function object receives the internal completion handler which matches the signature expected by the initiating function:
The type of the function's return value is determined by the [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/async_result.html `net::async_result`] customization point, which comes with specializations for common library types such as `std::future` and may also be specialized for user-defined types. The body of the initiating function calls the [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/async_initiate.html `net::async_initiate`] helper to capture the arguments and forward them to the specialization of `async_result`. An additional "initiation function" object is provided which `async_result` may use to immediately launch the operation, or defer the launch of the operation until some point in the future (this is called "lazy execution"). The initiation function object receives the internal completion handler which matches the signature expected by the initiating function:
This transformed, internal handler is responsible for the finalizing step that delivers the result of the operation to the caller. For example, when using `net::use_future` the internal handler will deliver the result by calling [@https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/thread/promise/set_value `std::promise::set_value`] on the promise object returned by the initiating function.
This transformed, internal handler is responsible for the finalizing step that delivers the result of the operation to the caller. For example, when using `net::use_future` the internal handler will deliver the result by calling [@https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/thread/promise/set_value `std::promise::set_value`] on the promise object returned by the initiating function.
Using Networking
Using Networking
Most library stream algorithms require a __socket__, __ssl_stream__, or other __Stream__ object that has already established communication with a remote peer. This example is provided as a reminder of how to work with sockets:
Most library stream algorithms require a __socket__, __ssl_stream__, or other __Stream__ object that has already established communication with a remote peer. This example is provided as a reminder of how to work with sockets:
Throughout this documentation identifiers with the following names have special meaning:
Throughout this documentation identifiers with the following names have special meaning:
Global Variables
Global Variables
Name
Name
Description
Description
[@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/io_context.html [*`ioc`]]
[@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/io_context.html [*`ioc`]]
A variable of type __io_context__ which is running on one separate thread, and upon which an __executor_work_guard__ object has been constructed.
A variable of type __io_context__ which is running on one separate thread, and upon which an __executor_work_guard__ object has been constructed.
[@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/ip__tcp/socket.html [*`sock`]]
[@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/ip__tcp/socket.html [*`sock`]]
A variable of type [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/ip__tcp/socket.html `tcp::socket`] which has already been connected to a remote host.
A variable of type [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/ip__tcp/socket.html `tcp::socket`] which has already been connected to a remote host.
[@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/ssl__stream.html [*`ssl_sock`]]
[@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/ssl__stream.html [*`ssl_sock`]]
A variable of type [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/ssl__stream.html `net::ssl::stream<tcp::socket>`] which is already connected and has handshaked with a remote host.
A variable of type [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/ssl__stream.html `net::ssl::stream<tcp::socket>`] which is already connected and has handshaked with a remote host.
[link beast.ref.boost__beast__websocket__stream [*`ws`]]
[link beast.ref.boost__beast__websocket__stream [*`ws`]]
A variable of type [link beast.ref.boost__beast__websocket__stream `websocket::stream<tcp::socket>`] which is already connected with a remote host.
A variable of type [link beast.ref.boost__beast__websocket__stream `websocket::stream<tcp::socket>`] which is already connected with a remote host.
English Chinese (Simplified Han script) Actions
The __AsyncReadStream__ and __AsyncWriteStream__ concepts define requirements for ['asynchronous streams]: a portable I/O abstraction that exchanges data asynchronously using buffer sequences to represent bytes and `error_code` to report any failures. An ['asynchronous stream algorithm] is written as a templated initiating function template accepting a stream object meeting the named requirements for asynchronous reading, writing, or both. This example shows an algorithm which writes some text to an asynchronous stream:
The __AsyncReadStream__ and __AsyncWriteStream__ concepts define requirements for ['asynchronous streams]: a portable I/O abstraction that exchanges data asynchronously using buffer sequences to represent bytes and `error_code` to report any failures. An ['asynchronous stream algorithm] is written as a templated initiating function template accepting a stream object meeting the named requirements for asynchronous reading, writing, or both. This example shows an algorithm which writes some text to an asynchronous stream:
Concurrency
Concurrency
This transformed, internal handler is responsible for the finalizing step that delivers the result of the operation to the caller. For example, when using `net::use_future` the internal handler will deliver the result by calling [@https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/thread/promise/set_value `std::promise::set_value`] on the promise object returned by the initiating function.
This transformed, internal handler is responsible for the finalizing step that delivers the result of the operation to the caller. For example, when using `net::use_future` the internal handler will deliver the result by calling [@https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/thread/promise/set_value `std::promise::set_value`] on the promise object returned by the initiating function.
Using Networking
Using Networking
Most library stream algorithms require a __socket__, __ssl_stream__, or other __Stream__ object that has already established communication with a remote peer. This example is provided as a reminder of how to work with sockets:
Most library stream algorithms require a __socket__, __ssl_stream__, or other __Stream__ object that has already established communication with a remote peer. This example is provided as a reminder of how to work with sockets:
Throughout this documentation identifiers with the following names have special meaning:
Throughout this documentation identifiers with the following names have special meaning:
Global Variables
Global Variables
Name
Name
Description
Description
[@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/io_context.html [*`ioc`]]
[@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/io_context.html [*`ioc`]]
A variable of type __io_context__ which is running on one separate thread, and upon which an __executor_work_guard__ object has been constructed.
A variable of type __io_context__ which is running on one separate thread, and upon which an __executor_work_guard__ object has been constructed.
[@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/ip__tcp/socket.html [*`sock`]]
[@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/ip__tcp/socket.html [*`sock`]]
A variable of type [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/ip__tcp/socket.html `tcp::socket`] which has already been connected to a remote host.
A variable of type [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/ip__tcp/socket.html `tcp::socket`] which has already been connected to a remote host.
[@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/ssl__stream.html [*`ssl_sock`]]
[@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/ssl__stream.html [*`ssl_sock`]]
A variable of type [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/ssl__stream.html `net::ssl::stream<tcp::socket>`] which is already connected and has handshaked with a remote host.
A variable of type [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/ssl__stream.html `net::ssl::stream<tcp::socket>`] which is already connected and has handshaked with a remote host.
[link beast.ref.boost__beast__websocket__stream [*`ws`]]
[link beast.ref.boost__beast__websocket__stream [*`ws`]]
A variable of type [link beast.ref.boost__beast__websocket__stream `websocket::stream<tcp::socket>`] which is already connected with a remote host.
A variable of type [link beast.ref.boost__beast__websocket__stream `websocket::stream<tcp::socket>`] which is already connected with a remote host.
Refresher
Refresher
To use Beast effectively, a prior understanding of Networking is required. This section reviews these concepts as a reminder and guide for further learning.
To use Beast effectively, a prior understanding of Networking is required. This section reviews these concepts as a reminder and guide for further learning.
# `partial`
# `partial`
# `total`
# `total`
A [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network ['network]] allows programs located anywhere to exchange information after opting-in to communications by establishing a [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_link ['connection]]. Data may be reliably transferred across a connection in both directions ([@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications) ['full-duplex]]) with bytes arriving in the same order they were sent. These connections, along with the objects and types used to represent them, are collectively termed [link beast.concepts.streams ['streams]]. The computer or device attached to the network is called a [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_(network) ['host]], and the program on the other end of an established connection is called a [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer ['peer]].
A [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network ['network]] allows programs located anywhere to exchange information after opting-in to communications by establishing a [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_link ['connection]]. Data may be reliably transferred across a connection in both directions ([@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications) ['full-duplex]]) with bytes arriving in the same order they were sent. These connections, along with the objects and types used to represent them, are collectively termed [link beast.concepts.streams ['streams]]. The computer or device attached to the network is called a [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_(network) ['host]], and the program on the other end of an established connection is called a [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer ['peer]].
The [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet ['internet]] is a global network of interconnected computers that use a variety of standardized communication protocols to exchange information. The most popular protocol is [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol ['TCP/IP]], which this library relies on exclusively. The protocol takes care of the low level details so that applications see a ['stream], which is the reliable, full-duplex connection carrying the ordered set of bytes described above. A [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing) ['server]] is a powerful, always-on host at a well-known network name or network address which provides data services. A [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_(computing) ['client]] is a transient peer which connects to a server to exchange data, and goes offline.
The [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet ['internet]] is a global network of interconnected computers that use a variety of standardized communication protocols to exchange information. The most popular protocol is [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol ['TCP/IP]], which this library relies on exclusively. The protocol takes care of the low level details so that applications see a ['stream], which is the reliable, full-duplex connection carrying the ordered set of bytes described above. A [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing) ['server]] is a powerful, always-on host at a well-known network name or network address which provides data services. A [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_(computing) ['client]] is a transient peer which connects to a server to exchange data, and goes offline.
A vendor supplies a program called a [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver ['device driver]], enabling networking hardware such as an [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_interface_controller ['ethernet adaptor]] to talk to the operating system. This in turn permits running programs to interact with networking using various flavors of interfaces such as [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_sockets ['Berkeley sockets]] or [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsock ['Windows Sockets 2]] ("Winsock").
A vendor supplies a program called a [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver ['device driver]], enabling networking hardware such as an [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_interface_controller ['ethernet adaptor]] to talk to the operating system. This in turn permits running programs to interact with networking using various flavors of interfaces such as [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_sockets ['Berkeley sockets]] or [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsock ['Windows Sockets 2]] ("Winsock").
Networking in C++, represented by __Asio__, [@https://think-async.com/Asio/ Asio], and __NetTS__, provides a layer of abstraction to interact portably with the operating system facilities for not just networking but general [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output ['input/output]] ("I/O").
Networking in C++, represented by __Asio__, [@https://think-async.com/Asio/ Asio], and __NetTS__, provides a layer of abstraction to interact portably with the operating system facilities for not just networking but general [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output ['input/output]] ("I/O").
Buffers
Buffers
A [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_buffer ['buffer]] holds a contiguous sequence of bytes used when performing I/O. The types [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/const_buffer.html `net::const_buffer`] and [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/mutable_buffer.html `net::mutable_buffer`] represent these memory regions as type-safe pointer/size pairs:
A [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_buffer ['buffer]] holds a contiguous sequence of bytes used when performing I/O. The types [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/const_buffer.html `net::const_buffer`] and [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/mutable_buffer.html `net::mutable_buffer`] represent these memory regions as type-safe pointer/size pairs:
`const_buffer` and `mutable_buffer` are preferred over `std::span<byte>`
`const_buffer` and `mutable_buffer` are preferred over `std::span<byte>`
The concepts __ConstBufferSequence__ and __MutableBufferSequence__ describe bidirectional ranges whose value type is convertible to `const_buffer` and `mutable_buffer` respectively. These sequences allow transacting with multiple buffers in a single function call, a technique called [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vectored_I/O ['scatter/gather I/O]]. Buffers and buffer sequences are non-owning; copies produce shallow references and not duplicates of the underlying memory. Each of these statements declares a buffer sequence:
The concepts __ConstBufferSequence__ and __MutableBufferSequence__ describe bidirectional ranges whose value type is convertible to `const_buffer` and `mutable_buffer` respectively. These sequences allow transacting with multiple buffers in a single function call, a technique called [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vectored_I/O ['scatter/gather I/O]]. Buffers and buffer sequences are non-owning; copies produce shallow references and not duplicates of the underlying memory. Each of these statements declares a buffer sequence:

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A variable of type [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/ssl__stream.html `net::ssl::stream<tcp::socket>`] which is already connected and has handshaked with a remote host.
A variable of type [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/ssl__stream.html `net::ssl::stream<tcp::socket>`] which is already connected and has handshaked with a remote host.
06/05/2026
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type: table cell
Unit identifier
58070
Source string location
string ID 383
String age
06/05/2026
Last updated
06/05/2026
Source string age
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doc/qbk/03_core/1_refresher_zh_Hans.qbk, string 51