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Networking in C++, represented by __Asio__, [@https://think-async.com/Asio/ Asio], and __NetTS__, provides a layer of abstraction to interact portably with the operating system facilities for not just networking but general [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output ['input/output]] ("I/O").
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Refresher
回顾
To use Beast effectively, a prior understanding of Networking is required. This section reviews these concepts as a reminder and guide for further learning.
为有效使用 Beast，需要预先理解网络库相关知识。本节对这些概念进行回顾，以作为提醒及进一步学习的指引。
A [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network ['network]] allows programs located anywhere to exchange information after opting-in to communications by establishing a [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_link ['connection]]. Data may be reliably transferred across a connection in both directions ([@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications) ['full-duplex]]) with bytes arriving in the same order they were sent. These connections, along with the objects and types used to represent them, are collectively termed [link beast.concepts.streams ['streams]]. The computer or device attached to the network is called a [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_(network) ['host]], and the program on the other end of an established connection is called a [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer ['peer]].
[@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network [网络]] 允许位于任意地点的程序在建立 [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_link [连接]] 并选择通信后进行信息交换。数据可通过连接在双向（[@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications) [全双工]]）上可靠传输，且字节按发送顺序到达。这些连接以及用于表示连接的对象和类型统称为 [link beast.concepts.streams [流]]。连接到网络的计算机或设备称为 [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_(network) [主机]]，已建立连接另一端的程序称为 [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer [对等端]]。
The [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet ['internet]] is a global network of interconnected computers that use a variety of standardized communication protocols to exchange information. The most popular protocol is [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol ['TCP/IP]], which this library relies on exclusively. The protocol takes care of the low level details so that applications see a ['stream], which is the reliable, full-duplex connection carrying the ordered set of bytes described above. A [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing) ['server]] is a powerful, always-on host at a well-known network name or network address which provides data services. A [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_(computing) ['client]] is a transient peer which connects to a server to exchange data, and goes offline.
[@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet [互联网]] 是一个由全球互联计算机组成的网络，这些计算机使用多种标准化的通信协议进行信息交换。其中最为流行的协议是 [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol [TCP/IP]]，这也是本库唯一依赖的协议。该协议处理了底层细节，使得应用程序看到的是一个可靠的、全双工的流式连接，用于承载上述有序字节序列。[@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing) [服务器]] 是一台强大的、始终在线的主机，位于知名的网络名称或地址上，用于提供数据服务。而 [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_(computing) [客户端]] 则是一个临时的对等端，它连接到服务器进行数据交换，完成后便离线。
A vendor supplies a program called a [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver ['device driver]], enabling networking hardware such as an [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_interface_controller ['ethernet adaptor]] to talk to the operating system. This in turn permits running programs to interact with networking using various flavors of interfaces such as [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_sockets ['Berkeley sockets]] or [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsock ['Windows Sockets 2]] ("Winsock").
[@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet [互联网]] 是一个由全球互联计算机组成的网络，这些计算机使用多种标准化的通信协议进行信息交换。其中最为流行的协议是 [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol [TCP/IP]]，这也是本库唯一依赖的协议。该协议处理了底层细节，使得应用程序看到的是一个可靠的、全双工的流式连接，用于承载上述有序字节序列。[@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing) [服务器]] 是一台强大的、始终在线的主机，位于知名的网络名称或地址上，用于提供数据服务。而 [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_(computing) [客户端]] 则是一个临时的对等端，它连接到服务器进行数据交换，完成后便离线。
Networking in C++, represented by __Asio__, [@https://think-async.com/Asio/ Asio], and __NetTS__, provides a layer of abstraction to interact portably with the operating system facilities for not just networking but general [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output ['input/output]] ("I/O").
C++ 中的网络编程以 __Asio__、[@https://think-async.com/Asio/ Asio] 以及 __NetTS__ 为代表，提供了一个抽象层，用于可移植地与操作系统设施交互。这些设施不仅涵盖网络，还涉及通用的 [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output [输入/输出]]（简称 I/O）。
Buffers
缓冲区
A [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_buffer ['buffer]] holds a contiguous sequence of bytes used when performing I/O. The types [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/const_buffer.html `net::const_buffer`] and [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/mutable_buffer.html `net::mutable_buffer`] represent these memory regions as type-safe pointer/size pairs:
[@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_buffer [缓冲区]] 是用于存放 I/O 操作中字节数据的一段连续内存区域。[@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/const_buffer.html `net::const_buffer`] 与 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/mutable_buffer.html `net::mutable_buffer`] 类型以类型安全的指针/大小对来表示这些内存区域。
`const_buffer` and `mutable_buffer` are preferred over `std::span<byte>`
`const_buffer` 与 `mutable_buffer` 比 `std::span<byte>` 更适用。
The concepts __ConstBufferSequence__ and __MutableBufferSequence__ describe bidirectional ranges whose value type is convertible to `const_buffer` and `mutable_buffer` respectively. These sequences allow transacting with multiple buffers in a single function call, a technique called [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vectored_I/O ['scatter/gather I/O]]. Buffers and buffer sequences are non-owning; copies produce shallow references and not duplicates of the underlying memory. Each of these statements declares a buffer sequence:
__ConstBufferSequence__ 与 __MutableBufferSequence__ 概念用于描述双向范围，其值类型分别可转换为 `const_buffer` 与 `mutable_buffer`。这些序列允许在单个函数调用中处理多个缓冲区，这种技术称为 [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vectored_I/O [分散/聚集 I/O]]。缓冲区及缓冲区序列不具有所有权；拷贝操作产生的是浅层引用，而非底层内存的副本。以下每条语句都用于声明一个缓冲区序列：
The functions [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/buffer_size.html `net::buffer_size`] and [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/buffer_copy.html `net::buffer_copy`] determine the total number of bytes in a buffer sequence, and transfer some or all of bytes from one buffer sequence to another respectively. The function `buffer_size` is a customization point: user defined overloads in foreign namespaces are possible, and callers should invoke `buffer_size` without namespace qualification. The functions [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/buffer_sequence_begin.html `net::buffer_sequence_begin`] and [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/buffer_sequence_end.html `net::buffer_sequence_end`] are used to obtain a pair of iterators for traversing the sequence. Beast provides a set of buffer sequence types and algorithms such as [link beast.ref.boost__beast__buffers_cat `buffers_cat`], [link beast.ref.boost__beast__buffers_front `buffers_front`], [link beast.ref.boost__beast__buffers_prefix `buffers_prefix`], [link beast.ref.boost__beast__buffers_range `buffers_range`], and [link beast.ref.boost__beast__buffers_suffix `buffers_suffix`]. This example returns the bytes in a buffer sequence as a string:
[@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/buffer_size.html `net::buffer_size`] 函数用于确定缓冲区序列中的总字节数，而 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/buffer_copy.html `net::buffer_copy`] 函数则用于将部分或全部字节从一个缓冲区序列转移到另一个序列。`buffer_size` 是一个定制点：允许用户在外层命名空间中定义重载版本，调用时不应使用命名空间限定符。[@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/buffer_sequence_begin.html `net::buffer_sequence_begin`] 与 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/buffer_sequence_end.html `net::buffer_sequence_end`] 函数用于获取遍历序列的一对迭代器。Beast 提供了一系列缓冲区序列类型和算法，包括 [link beast.ref.boost__beast__buffers_cat `buffers_cat`]、[link beast.ref.boost__beast__buffers_front `buffers_front`]、[link beast.ref.boost__beast__buffers_prefix `buffers_prefix`]、[link beast.ref.boost__beast__buffers_range `buffers_range`] 以及 [link beast.ref.boost__beast__buffers_suffix `buffers_suffix`]。以下示例将缓冲区序列中的字节转换为字符串：
The __DynamicBuffer__ concept defines a resizable buffer sequence interface. Algorithms may be expressed in terms of dynamic buffers when the memory requirements are not known ahead of time, for example when reading an HTTP message from a stream. Beast provides a well-rounded collection of dynamic buffer types such as [link beast.ref.boost__beast__buffers_adaptor `buffers_adaptor`], [link beast.ref.boost__beast__flat_buffer `flat_buffer`], [link beast.ref.boost__beast__multi_buffer `multi_buffer`], and [link beast.ref.boost__beast__static_buffer `static_buffer`]. The following function reads data from a [link beast.ref.boost__beast__tcp_stream `tcp_stream`] into a dynamic buffer until it encountering a newline character, using [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/buffers_iterator.html `net::buffers_iterator`] to treat the contents of the buffer as a range of characters:
__DynamicBuffer__ 概念用于定义一个可调整大小的缓冲区序列接口。当内存需求无法预先确定时（例如从流中读取 HTTP 消息时），算法可以使用动态缓冲区来表达。Beast 提供一系列完善的动态缓冲区类型，包括 [link beast.ref.boost__beast__buffers_adaptor `buffers_adaptor`]、[link beast.ref.boost__beast__flat_buffer `flat_buffer`]、[link beast.ref.boost__beast__multi_buffer `multi_buffer`] 以及 [link beast.ref.boost__beast__static_buffer `static_buffer`]。以下函数从 [link beast.ref.boost__beast__tcp_stream `tcp_stream`] 中读取数据到动态缓冲区，直到遇到换行符为止，该函数使用 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/buffers_iterator.html `net::buffers_iterator`] 将缓冲区内容视为字符范围进行处理：
Synchronous I/O
同步 I/O
Synchronous input and output is accomplished through blocking function calls that return with the result of the operation. Such operations typically cannot be canceled and do not have a method for setting a timeout. The __SyncReadStream__ and __SyncWriteStream__ concepts define requirements for ['synchronous streams]: a portable I/O abstraction that transfers data using buffer sequences to represent bytes and either `error_code` or an exception to report any failures. [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/basic_stream_socket.html ['net::basic_stream_socket]] is a synchronous stream commonly used to form TCP/IP connections. User-defined types which meet the requirements are possible:
同步输入与输出通过阻塞函数调用实现，这些调用在操作完成后将返回结果。此类操作通常无法取消，也没有设置超时的方法。__SyncReadStream__ 与 __SyncWriteStream__ 概念用于定义 [同步流] 的要求：这是一种可移植的 I/O 抽象，使用缓冲区序列来传输字节数据，并通过 `error_code` 或异常来报告错误。[@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/basic_stream_socket.html `net::basic_stream_socket`] 是一种常用的同步流，用于建立 TCP/IP 连接。用户也可以定义满足这些要求的自定义类型。
A ['synchronous stream algorithm] is written as a function template accepting a stream object meeting the named requirements for synchronous reading, writing, or both. This example shows an algorithm which writes text and uses exceptions to indicate errors:
同步流算法用于编写为函数模板，接受满足同步读写（或两者兼具）命名要求的流对象。以下示例用于展示一个写入文本并使用异常指示错误的算法：
The same algorithm may be expressed using error codes instead of exceptions:
同一算法也可采用错误码而非异常的方式来表述：
Asynchronous I/O
异步 I/O
An asynchronous operation begins with a call to an [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/asynchronous_operations.html ['initiating function]], which starts the operation and returns to the caller immediately. This ['outstanding] asynchronous operation proceeds concurrently without blocking the caller. When the externally observable side effects are fully established, a movable function object known as a [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/CompletionHandler.html ['completion handler]] provided in the initiating function call is queued for execution with the results, which may include the error code and other specific information. An asynchronous operation is said to be ['completed] after the completion handler is queued. The code that follows shows how some text may be written to a socket asynchronously, invoking a lambda when the operation is complete:
异步操作从调用 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/asynchronous_operations.html [发起函数]] 开始。该函数负责启动操作并立即返回，不会等待操作完成。随后，这个 [未完成] 的异步操作会在后台并发执行，不会阻塞调用者。当操作的外部可见效果全部产生后，发起函数中提供的一个可移动对象（称为 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/CompletionHandler.html [完成处理器]]）会连同操作结果（例如错误码及其他信息）一起被放入队列，等待执行。完成处理器被放入队列的那一刻，就意味着该异步操作 [已完成]。下面的代码演示了如何异步地向套接字写入一段文本，并在操作完成时调用一个 lambda 函数：
Every completion handler (also referred to as a [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation ['continuation]]) has both an [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/overview/core/allocation.html ['associated allocator]] returned by [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/get_associated_allocator.html `net::get_associated_allocator`], , an [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/associated_cancellation_slot.html ['associated cancellation slot]] returned by [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/associated_cancellation_slot.html `net::get_associated_cancellation_slot`]. and an [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/associated_executor.html ['associated executor]] returned by [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/get_associated_executor.html `net::get_associated_executor`]. These associations may be specified intrusively:
每个完成处理器（也称为 [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation [延续]]）都包含三个关联组件：通过 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/get_associated_allocator.html `net::get_associated_allocator`] 获取的 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/overview/core/allocation.html [关联分配器]]、通过 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/associated_cancellation_slot.html `net::get_associated_cancellation_slot`] 获取的 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/associated_cancellation_slot.html [关联取消槽]]，以及通过 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/get_associated_executor.html `net::get_associated_executor`] 获取的 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/associated_executor.html [关联执行器]]。这些关联可以通过内嵌方式指定：
Or these associations may be specified non-intrusively, by specializing the class templates [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/associated_allocator.html `net::associated_allocator`] , [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/associated_cancellation_slot.html `net::associated_cancellation_slot`] and [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/associated_executor.html `net::associated_executor`]:
或者，这些关联也可以通过非侵入方式指定，即特化类模板 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/associated_allocator.html `net::associated_allocator`]、[@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/associated_cancellation_slot.html `net::associated_cancellation_slot`] 以及 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/associated_executor.html `net::associated_executor`]：
The function [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/bind_executor.html `net::bind_executor`] may be used when the caller wants to change the executor of a completion handler.
当调用方希望更改完成处理器的执行器时，可以使用 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/bind_executor.html `net::bind_executor`] 函数。
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Networking prescribes facilities to determine the context in which handlers run. Every I/O object refers to an __ExecutionContext__ for obtaining the __Executor__ instance used to invoke completion handlers. An executor determines where and how completion handlers are invoked. Executors obtained from an instance of __io_context__ offer a basic guarantee: handlers will only be invoked from threads which are currently calling [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/io_context/run/overload1.html `net::io_context::run`].
网络库规定用于确定处理器运行上下文的设施。每个 I/O 对象都关联一个 __ExecutionContext__，用于获取调用完成处理器所需的 __Executor__ 实例。执行器决定完成处理器的调用位置与方式。从 __io_context__ 实例获取的执行器提供一项基本保证：处理器仅会在当前正在调用 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/io_context/run/overload1.html `net::io_context::run`] 的线程中被执行。
The __AsyncReadStream__ and __AsyncWriteStream__ concepts define requirements for ['asynchronous streams]: a portable I/O abstraction that exchanges data asynchronously using buffer sequences to represent bytes and `error_code` to report any failures. An ['asynchronous stream algorithm] is written as a templated initiating function template accepting a stream object meeting the named requirements for asynchronous reading, writing, or both. This example shows an algorithm which writes some text to an asynchronous stream:
__AsyncReadStream__ 与 __AsyncWriteStream__ 概念用于定义 [异步流] 的要求：这是一种可移植的 I/O 抽象，能够异步交换数据，使用缓冲区序列表示字节数据，并通过 `error_code` 报告错误。[异步流算法] 以模板化的发起函数形式编写，接受满足异步读、异步写或两者兼具命名要求的流对象。以下示例用于展示一个向异步流写入文本的算法：
I/O objects such as sockets and streams [*are not thread-safe]. Although it is possible to have more than one operation outstanding (for example, a simultaneous asynchronous read and asynchronous write) the stream object itself may only be accessed from one thread at a time. This means that member functions such as move constructors, destructors, or initiating functions must not be called concurrently. Usually this is accomplished with synchronization primitives such as a [@https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/thread/mutex `mutex`], but concurrent network programs need a better way to access shared resources, since acquiring ownership of a mutex could block threads from performing uncontended work. For efficiency, networking adopts a model of using threads without explicit locking by requiring all access to I/O objects to be performed within a [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/overview/core/strands.html ['strand]].
套接字和流等 I/O 对象 [*不是线程安全的]。尽管可以同时有多个操作未完成（例如，同时进行异步读和异步写），但流对象本身在同一时刻只能从一个线程进行访问。这意味着移动构造函数、析构函数或发起函数等成员函数不能并发调用。通常，这可以通过互斥锁等同步原语来实现，但并发网络程序需要更好的方式来访问共享资源，因为获取互斥锁的所有权可能会阻塞线程，使其无法执行无竞争的工作。为了提高效率，网络库采用了一种无需显式加锁的线程使用模型，要求所有对 I/O 对象的访问都必须在一个 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/overview/core/strands.html [串行器]] 内执行。
Because completion handlers cause an inversion of the flow of control, sometimes other methods of attaching a continuation are desired. Networking provides the [@http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2013/n3747.pdf ['Universal Model for Asynchronous Operations]], providing a customizable means for transforming the signature of the initiating function to use other types of objects and methods in place of a completion handler callback. For example to call to write a string to a socket asynchronously, using a `std::future` to receive the number of bytes transferred thus looks like this:
由于完成处理器会导致控制流反转，有时需要其他方式来附加延续。网络库提供 [@http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2013/n3747.pdf [异步操作通用模型]]，该模型提供一种可定制的方法，用于改变发起函数的签名，以便使用其他类型的对象和方法来替代完成处理器回调。例如，使用 `std::future` 接收传输字节数来异步向套接字写入字符串的调用方式如下：
This functionality is enabled by passing the variable [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/use_future.html `net::use_future`] (of type [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/use_future_t.html `net::use_future_t<>`]) in place of the completion handler. The same `async_write` function overload can work with a [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_(computer_science) ['fiber]] launched with [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/spawn/overload1.html `asio::spawn`]:
此功能通过将变量 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/use_future.html `net::use_future`]（类型为 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/use_future_t.html `net::use_future_t<>`]）传递给完成处理器位置来实现。同一个 `async_write` 函数重载还可以与通过 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/spawn/overload1.html `asio::spawn`] 启动的 [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_(computer_science) [纤程]] 配合使用：
The type of the function's return value is determined by the [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/async_result.html `net::async_result`] customization point, which comes with specializations for common library types such as `std::future` and may also be specialized for user-defined types. The body of the initiating function calls the [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/async_initiate.html `net::async_initiate`] helper to capture the arguments and forward them to the specialization of `async_result`. An additional "initiation function" object is provided which `async_result` may use to immediately launch the operation, or defer the launch of the operation until some point in the future (this is called "lazy execution"). The initiation function object receives the internal completion handler which matches the signature expected by the initiating function:
函数返回值类型由 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/async_result.html `net::async_result`] 定制点决定。该定制点为 `std::future` 等常用库类型提供特化版本，同时也支持用户自定义类型的特化。发起函数的函数体通过调用 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/async_initiate.html `net::async_initiate`] 辅助函数来捕获参数并将其转发给 `async_result` 的特化版本。此外，还提供一个额外的“发起函数”对象，`async_result` 可利用该对象立即启动操作，或将操作启动延迟到未来某个时刻（即“延迟执行”）。该发起函数对象接收一个内部完成处理器，其签名与发起函数所期望的签名相匹配。
This transformed, internal handler is responsible for the finalizing step that delivers the result of the operation to the caller. For example, when using `net::use_future` the internal handler will deliver the result by calling [@https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/thread/promise/set_value `std::promise::set_value`] on the promise object returned by the initiating function.
这个经过转换的内部处理器负责执行最终步骤，将操作结果传递给调用方。例如，当使用 `net::use_future` 时，内部处理器会通过调用发起函数返回的 promise 对象上的 [@https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/thread/promise/set_value `std::promise::set_value`] 来传递结果。
Using Networking
使用网络库
Most library stream algorithms require a __socket__, __ssl_stream__, or other __Stream__ object that has already established communication with a remote peer. This example is provided as a reminder of how to work with sockets:
大多数库中的流算法都需要一个已与远程对等端建立通信的 __socket__、__ssl_stream__ 或其他 __Stream__ 对象。以下示例用于回顾如何使用套接字：
A variable of type __io_context__ which is running on one separate thread, and upon which an __executor_work_guard__ object has been constructed.
一个类型为 __io_context__ 的变量，该变量在单独线程上运行，且已为其构造一个 __executor_work_guard__ 对象。
[@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/ip__tcp/socket.html [*`sock`]]
[@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/ip__tcp/socket.html [*`sock`]]
Refresher
回顾
To use Beast effectively, a prior understanding of Networking is required. This section reviews these concepts as a reminder and guide for further learning.
为有效使用 Beast，需要预先理解网络库相关知识。本节对这些概念进行回顾，以作为提醒及进一步学习的指引。
# `partial`
# `partial` —— 部分型
# `total`
# `total` —— 完全型
Networking in C++, represented by __Asio__, [@https://think-async.com/Asio/ Asio], and __NetTS__, provides a layer of abstraction to interact portably with the operating system facilities for not just networking but general [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output ['input/output]] ("I/O").
C++ 中的网络编程以 __Asio__、[@https://think-async.com/Asio/ Asio] 以及 __NetTS__ 为代表，提供了一个抽象层，用于可移植地与操作系统设施交互。这些设施不仅涵盖网络，还涉及通用的 [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output [输入/输出]]（简称 I/O）。
Buffers
缓冲区
`const_buffer` and `mutable_buffer` are preferred over `std::span<byte>`
`const_buffer` 与 `mutable_buffer` 比 `std::span<byte>` 更适用。
Synchronous I/O
同步 I/O
The same algorithm may be expressed using error codes instead of exceptions:
同一算法也可采用错误码而非异常的方式来表述：
Asynchronous I/O
异步 I/O
Universal Model
通用模型
Note that a `spawn` function itself has a completion signature, but we're ignoring it's result in the example by using `asio::detached`.
需要注意的是，`spawn` 函数本身也带有完成签名，但示例中通过使用 `asio::detached` 忽略了它的结果。

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User avatar Bstran

Translation changed
Networking in C++, represented by __Asio__, [@https://think-async.com/Asio/ Asio], and __NetTS__, provides a layer of abstraction to interact portably with the operating system facilities for not just networking but general [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output ['input/output]] ("I/O").
Networking in C++, represented byC++ 中的网络编程以 __Asio__, 、[@https://think-async.com/Asio/ Asio], and 以及 __NetTS__, provides a layer of abstraction to interact portably with the operating system facilities for not just networking but general 为代表，提供了一个抽象层，用于可移植地与操作系统设施交互。这些设施不仅涵盖网络，还涉及通用的 [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output ['input/output]] ("I/O").输入/输出]]（简称 I/O）。
06/11/2026
User avatar admin

String added in the repository
Networking in C++, represented by __Asio__, [@https://think-async.com/Asio/ Asio], and __NetTS__, provides a layer of abstraction to interact portably with the operating system facilities for not just networking but general [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output ['input/output]] ("I/O").
Networking in C++, represented by __Asio__, [@https://think-async.com/Asio/ Asio], and __NetTS__, provides a layer of abstraction to interact portably with the operating system facilities for not just networking but general [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output ['input/output]] ("I/O").
06/05/2026
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type: paragraph
Unit identifier
58025
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string ID 57
String age
06/05/2026
Last updated
06/26/2026
Source string age
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Translation file QuickBook file
doc/qbk/03_core/1_refresher_zh_Hans.qbk, string 6