Exit Zen
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These complete programs are intended to quickly impress upon readers the flavor of the library. Source code and build scripts for them are located in the [path_link example example] directory.
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In 2020, as part of its commitment to producing the very finest C++ libraries that application developers can trust, the C++ Alliance one again commissioned Bishop Fox to retest the Beast library.
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Control frames are small (less than 128 bytes) messages entirely contained in an individual WebSocket frame. They may be sent at any time by either peer on an established connection, and can appear in between continuation frames for a message. There are three types of control frames: ping, pong, and close.
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Before messages can be exchanged, a websocket stream first needs to be connected, and then to have the websocket handshake performed. The stream delegates the task of establishing the connection to the next layers. For example, if the next layer is a connectible stream or socket object, it can be accessed to call the necessary function for connecting. Here we make an outbound connection as a client would do.
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These examples in this section are working functions that may be found in the examples directory. They demonstrate the usage of the library for a variety of scenarios.
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Certificate Authority
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Asynchronous operations are started by calling a free function or member function known as an asynchronous ['__async_initfn__]. This function accepts parameters specific to the operation as well as a __CompletionToken__. The token is either a completion handler, or a type defining how the caller is informed of the asynchronous operation result. Networking provides the special tokens __use_future__ and __yield_context__ for using futures and coroutines respectively. This system of customizing the return value and method of completion notification is known as the ['Universal Asynchronous Model] described in __N3747__, and a built in to __NetTS__. Here is an example of an initiating function which reads a line from the stream and echoes it back. This function is developed further in the next section:
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Beast is a C++ header-only library serving as a foundation for writing interoperable networking libraries by providing [*low-level HTTP/1, WebSocket, and networking protocol] vocabulary types and algorithms using the consistent asynchronous model of __Asio__.
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This example develops an initiating function called [*echo]. The operation will read up to the first newline on a stream, and then write the same line including the newline back on the stream. First we define the input parameters and results, then declare our initiation function. For our echo operation the only inputs are the stream and the completion token. The output is the error code which is usually included in all completion handler signatures.
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A number of configuration preprocessor definitions can be used to change the behavior of Beast. The user should assume that they introduce significant changes to the public part of this library's API and make sure that all translation units (usually files) compiled and linked into a program use the same combination of configuration macros, failure to do so may result in violations of ODR (One Definition Rule).
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Networking's __ssl_stream__ is a class template meeting the requirements of both synchronous and asynchronous read and write streams, implemented in terms of a "next layer" object whose type is determined by a class template parameter. The SSL stream constructs an instance of the next layer object internally, while allowing external access through the observer `net::ssl::stream::next_layer()`. This declares an SSL stream which uses a regular TCP/IP socket as the next layer:
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Beast maintains it's own API version, which is more fine-grained than the boost release.
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Serializing Chunks
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error::stream_truncated
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Here is the declaration for a function template to detect the SSL client handshake. The function accepts any object whose type meets the requirements of __ConstBufferSequence__. This gives callers flexibility to use a buffer object whose behavior is appropriate to the task.
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Clients
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__video__ contains video presentation content
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Stream Concepts
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Message Stream Operations
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A request or response is an [@https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-3 HTTP message] (referred to hereafter as "message") having two parts: a header with structured metadata and an optional variable-length body holding arbitrary data. A serialized header is one or more text lines where each line ends in a carriage return followed by linefeed (`"\r\n"`). An empty line marks the end of the header. The first line in the header is called the ['start-line]. The contents of the start line contents are different for requests and responses.
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