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Every completion handler (also referred to as a [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation ['continuation]]) has both an [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/overview/core/allocation.html ['associated allocator]] returned by [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/get_associated_allocator.html `net::get_associated_allocator`], , an [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/associated_cancellation_slot.html ['associated cancellation slot]] returned by [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/associated_cancellation_slot.html `net::get_associated_cancellation_slot`]. and an [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/associated_executor.html ['associated executor]] returned by [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/get_associated_executor.html `net::get_associated_executor`]. These associations may be specified intrusively:
Every completion handler (also referred to as a [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation ['continuation]]) has both an [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/overview/core/allocation.html ['associated allocator]] returned by每个完成处理器（也称为 [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation [延续]]）都包含三个关联组件：通过 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/get_associated_allocator.html `net::get_associated_allocator`], , an 获取的 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/associated_cancellation_slot.html ['associated cancellation slot]] returned byoverview/core/allocation.html [关联分配器]]、通过 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/associated_cancellation_slot.html `net::get_associated_cancellation_slot`]. and an 获取的 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/associated_executor.html ['associated executor]] returned bycancellation_slot.html [关联取消槽]]，以及通过 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/get_associated_executor.html `net::get_associated_executor`]. These associations may be specified intrusively: 获取的 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/associated_executor.html [关联执行器]]。这些关联可以通过内嵌方式指定：
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An asynchronous operation begins with a call to an [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/asynchronous_operations.html ['initiating function]], which starts the operation and returns to the caller immediately. This ['outstanding] asynchronous operation proceeds concurrently without blocking the caller. When the externally observable side effects are fully established, a movable function object known as a [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/CompletionHandler.html ['completion handler]] provided in the initiating function call is queued for execution with the results, which may include the error code and other specific information. An asynchronous operation is said to be ['completed] after the completion handler is queued. The code that follows shows how some text may be written to a socket asynchronously, invoking a lambda when the operation is complete:
An asynchronous operation begins with a call to an异步操作从调用 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/asynchronous_operations.html ['initiating function]], which starts the operation and returns to the caller immediately. This ['outstanding] asynchronous operation proceeds concurrently without blocking the caller. When the externally observable side effects are fully established, a movable function object known as a [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/CompletionHandler.html ['completion handler]] provided in the initiating function call is queued for execution with the results, which may include the error code and other specific information. An asynchronous operation is said to be ['completed] after the completion handler is queued. The code that follows shows how some text may be written to a socket asynchronously, invoking a lambda when the operation is complete:发起函数]] 开始。该函数负责启动操作并立即返回，不会等待操作完成。随后，这个 [未完成] 的异步操作会在后台并发执行，不会阻塞调用者。当操作的外部可见效果全部产生后，发起函数中提供的一个可移动对象（称为 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/CompletionHandler.html [完成处理器]]）会连同操作结果（例如错误码及其他信息）一起被放入队列，等待执行。完成处理器被放入队列的那一刻，就意味着该异步操作 [已完成]。下面的代码演示了如何异步地向套接字写入一段文本，并在操作完成时调用一个 lambda 函数：
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Asynchronous I/O
Asynchronous异步 I/O
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The same algorithm may be expressed using error codes instead of exceptions:
The same algorithm may be expressed using error codes instead of exceptions:同一算法也可采用错误码而非异常的方式来表述：
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A ['synchronous stream algorithm] is written as a function template accepting a stream object meeting the named requirements for synchronous reading, writing, or both. This example shows an algorithm which writes text and uses exceptions to indicate errors:
A ['synchronous stream algorithm] is written as a function template accepting a stream object meeting the named requirements for synchronous reading, writing, or both. This example shows an algorithm which writes text and uses exceptions to indicate errors:同步流算法用于编写为函数模板，接受满足同步读写（或两者兼具）命名要求的流对象。以下示例用于展示一个写入文本并使用异常指示错误的算法：
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Synchronous input and output is accomplished through blocking function calls that return with the result of the operation. Such operations typically cannot be canceled and do not have a method for setting a timeout. The __SyncReadStream__ and __SyncWriteStream__ concepts define requirements for ['synchronous streams]: a portable I/O abstraction that transfers data using buffer sequences to represent bytes and either `error_code` or an exception to report any failures. [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/basic_stream_socket.html ['net::basic_stream_socket]] is a synchronous stream commonly used to form TCP/IP connections. User-defined types which meet the requirements are possible:
Synchronous input and output is accomplished through blocking function calls that return with the result of the operation. Such operations typically cannot be canceled and do not have a method for setting a timeout. The 同步输入与输出通过阻塞函数调用实现，这些调用在操作完成后将返回结果。此类操作通常无法取消，也没有设置超时的方法。__SyncReadStream__ and与 __SyncWriteStream__ concepts define requirements for ['synchronous streams]: a portable I/O abstraction that transfers data using buffer sequences to represent bytes and either `error_code` or an exception to report any failures. 概念用于定义 [同步流] 的要求：这是一种可移植的 I/O 抽象，使用缓冲区序列来传输字节数据，并通过 `error_code` 或异常来报告错误。[@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/basic_stream_socket.html ['`net::basic_stream_socket]] is a synchronous stream commonly used to form TCP/IP connections. User-defined types which meet the requirements are possible:`] 是一种常用的同步流，用于建立 TCP/IP 连接。用户也可以定义满足这些要求的自定义类型。
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Synchronous I/O
Synchronous I/O同步 I/O
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Synchronous I/O
Synchronous I/O同步 I/O
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The __DynamicBuffer__ concept defines a resizable buffer sequence interface. Algorithms may be expressed in terms of dynamic buffers when the memory requirements are not known ahead of time, for example when reading an HTTP message from a stream. Beast provides a well-rounded collection of dynamic buffer types such as [link beast.ref.boost__beast__buffers_adaptor `buffers_adaptor`], [link beast.ref.boost__beast__flat_buffer `flat_buffer`], [link beast.ref.boost__beast__multi_buffer `multi_buffer`], and [link beast.ref.boost__beast__static_buffer `static_buffer`]. The following function reads data from a [link beast.ref.boost__beast__tcp_stream `tcp_stream`] into a dynamic buffer until it encountering a newline character, using [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/buffers_iterator.html `net::buffers_iterator`] to treat the contents of the buffer as a range of characters:
The __DynamicBuffer__ concept defines a resizable buffer sequence interface. Algorithms may be expressed in terms of dynamic buffers when the memory requirements are not known ahead of time, for example when reading an HTTP message from a stream. Beast provides a well-rounded collection of dynamic buffer types such as概念用于定义一个可调整大小的缓冲区序列接口。当内存需求无法预先确定时（例如从流中读取 HTTP 消息时），算法可以使用动态缓冲区来表达。Beast 提供一系列完善的动态缓冲区类型，包括 [link beast.ref.boost__beast__buffers_adaptor `buffers_adaptor`], 、[link beast.ref.boost__beast__flat_buffer `flat_buffer`], 、[link beast.ref.boost__beast__multi_buffer `multi_buffer`], and 以及 [link beast.ref.boost__beast__static_buffer `static_buffer`]. The following function reads data from a。以下函数从 [link beast.ref.boost__beast__tcp_stream `tcp_stream`] into a dynamic buffer until it encountering a newline character, using中读取数据到动态缓冲区，直到遇到换行符为止，该函数使用 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/buffers_iterator.html `net::buffers_iterator`] to treat the contents of the buffer as a range of characters:将缓冲区内容视为字符范围进行处理：
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The functions [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/buffer_size.html `net::buffer_size`] and [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/buffer_copy.html `net::buffer_copy`] determine the total number of bytes in a buffer sequence, and transfer some or all of bytes from one buffer sequence to another respectively. The function `buffer_size` is a customization point: user defined overloads in foreign namespaces are possible, and callers should invoke `buffer_size` without namespace qualification. The functions [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/buffer_sequence_begin.html `net::buffer_sequence_begin`] and [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/buffer_sequence_end.html `net::buffer_sequence_end`] are used to obtain a pair of iterators for traversing the sequence. Beast provides a set of buffer sequence types and algorithms such as [link beast.ref.boost__beast__buffers_cat `buffers_cat`], [link beast.ref.boost__beast__buffers_front `buffers_front`], [link beast.ref.boost__beast__buffers_prefix `buffers_prefix`], [link beast.ref.boost__beast__buffers_range `buffers_range`], and [link beast.ref.boost__beast__buffers_suffix `buffers_suffix`]. This example returns the bytes in a buffer sequence as a string:
The functions [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/buffer_size.html `net::buffer_size`] and函数用于确定缓冲区序列中的总字节数，而 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/buffer_copy.html `net::buffer_copy`] determine the total number of bytes in a buffer sequence, and transfer some or all of bytes from one buffer sequence to another respectively. The function `buffer_size` is a customization point: user defined overloads in foreign namespaces are possible, and callers should invoke `buffer_size` without namespace qualification. The functions 函数则用于将部分或全部字节从一个缓冲区序列转移到另一个序列。`buffer_size` 是一个定制点：允许用户在外层命名空间中定义重载版本，调用时不应使用命名空间限定符。[@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/buffer_sequence_begin.html `net::buffer_sequence_begin`] and与 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/buffer_sequence_end.html `net::buffer_sequence_end`] are used to obtain a pair of iterators for traversing the sequence. Beast provides a set of buffer sequence types and algorithms such as函数用于获取遍历序列的一对迭代器。Beast 提供了一系列缓冲区序列类型和算法，包括 [link beast.ref.boost__beast__buffers_cat `buffers_cat`], 、[link beast.ref.boost__beast__buffers_front `buffers_front`], 、[link beast.ref.boost__beast__buffers_prefix `buffers_prefix`], 、[link beast.ref.boost__beast__buffers_range `buffers_range`], and 以及 [link beast.ref.boost__beast__buffers_suffix `buffers_suffix`]. This example returns the bytes in a buffer sequence as a string:。以下示例将缓冲区序列中的字节转换为字符串：
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The concepts __ConstBufferSequence__ and __MutableBufferSequence__ describe bidirectional ranges whose value type is convertible to `const_buffer` and `mutable_buffer` respectively. These sequences allow transacting with multiple buffers in a single function call, a technique called [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vectored_I/O ['scatter/gather I/O]]. Buffers and buffer sequences are non-owning; copies produce shallow references and not duplicates of the underlying memory. Each of these statements declares a buffer sequence:
The concepts __ConstBufferSequence__ and与 __MutableBufferSequence__ describe bidirectional ranges whose value type is convertible to概念用于描述双向范围，其值类型分别可转换为 `const_buffer` and与 `mutable_buffer` respectively. These sequences allow transacting with multiple buffers in a single function call, a technique called [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vectored_I/O ['scatter/gather I/O]]. Buffers and buffer sequences are non-owning; copies produce shallow references and not duplicates of the underlying memory. Each of these statements declares a buffer sequence:。这些序列允许在单个函数调用中处理多个缓冲区，这种技术称为 [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vectored_I/O [分散/聚集 I/O]]。缓冲区及缓冲区序列不具有所有权；拷贝操作产生的是浅层引用，而非底层内存的副本。以下每条语句都用于声明一个缓冲区序列：
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`const_buffer` and `mutable_buffer` are preferred over `std::span<byte>`
`const_buffer` and与 `mutable_buffer` are preferred over比 `std::span<byte>` 更适用。
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A [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_buffer ['buffer]] holds a contiguous sequence of bytes used when performing I/O. The types [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/const_buffer.html `net::const_buffer`] and [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/mutable_buffer.html `net::mutable_buffer`] represent these memory regions as type-safe pointer/size pairs:
A [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_buffer ['buffer]] holds a contiguous sequence of bytes used when performing I/O. The types 缓冲区]] 是用于存放 I/O 操作中字节数据的一段连续内存区域。[@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/const_buffer.html `net::const_buffer`] and与 [@boost:/doc/html/boost_asio/reference/mutable_buffer.html `net::mutable_buffer`] represent these memory regions as type-safe pointer/size pairs:类型以类型安全的指针/大小对来表示这些内存区域。
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Buffers
Buffers缓冲区
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Networking in C++, represented by __Asio__, [@https://think-async.com/Asio/ Asio], and __NetTS__, provides a layer of abstraction to interact portably with the operating system facilities for not just networking but general [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output ['input/output]] ("I/O").
Networking in C++, represented byC++ 中的网络编程以 __Asio__, 、[@https://think-async.com/Asio/ Asio], and 以及 __NetTS__, provides a layer of abstraction to interact portably with the operating system facilities for not just networking but general 为代表，提供了一个抽象层，用于可移植地与操作系统设施交互。这些设施不仅涵盖网络，还涉及通用的 [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output ['input/output]] ("I/O").输入/输出]]（简称 I/O）。
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A vendor supplies a program called a [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver ['device driver]], enabling networking hardware such as an [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_interface_controller ['ethernet adaptor]] to talk to the operating system. This in turn permits running programs to interact with networking using various flavors of interfaces such as [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_sockets ['Berkeley sockets]] or [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsock ['Windows Sockets 2]] ("Winsock").
A vendor supplies a program called a [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver ['device driver]], enabling networking hardware such as an [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_interface_controller ['ethernet adaptor]] to talk to the operating system. This in turn permits running programs to interact with networking using various flavors of interfaces such as [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet [互联网]] 是一个由全球互联计算机组成的网络，这些计算机使用多种标准化的通信协议进行信息交换。其中最为流行的协议是 [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol [TCP/IP]]，这也是本库唯一依赖的协议。该协议处理了底层细节，使得应用程序看到的是一个可靠的、全双工的流式连接，用于承载上述有序字节序列。[@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_sockets ['Berkeley sockets]] or [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsock ['Windows Sockets 2]] ("Winsock").Server_(computing) [服务器]] 是一台强大的、始终在线的主机，位于知名的网络名称或地址上，用于提供数据服务。而 [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_(computing) [客户端]] 则是一个临时的对等端，它连接到服务器进行数据交换，完成后便离线。
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The [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet ['internet]] is a global network of interconnected computers that use a variety of standardized communication protocols to exchange information. The most popular protocol is [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol ['TCP/IP]], which this library relies on exclusively. The protocol takes care of the low level details so that applications see a ['stream], which is the reliable, full-duplex connection carrying the ordered set of bytes described above. A [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing) ['server]] is a powerful, always-on host at a well-known network name or network address which provides data services. A [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_(computing) ['client]] is a transient peer which connects to a server to exchange data, and goes offline.
The [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet ['internet]] is a global network of interconnected computers that use a variety of standardized communication protocols to exchange information. The most popular protocol is互联网]] 是一个由全球互联计算机组成的网络，这些计算机使用多种标准化的通信协议进行信息交换。其中最为流行的协议是 [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol ['TCP/IP]], which this library relies on exclusively. The protocol takes care of the low level details so that applications see a ['stream], which is the reliable, full-duplex connection carrying the ordered set of bytes described above. A [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing) ['server]] is a powerful, always-on host at a well-known network name or network address which provides data services. A [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_(computing) ['client]] is a transient peer which connects to a server to exchange data, and goes offline.，这也是本库唯一依赖的协议。该协议处理了底层细节，使得应用程序看到的是一个可靠的、全双工的流式连接，用于承载上述有序字节序列。[@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing) [服务器]] 是一台强大的、始终在线的主机，位于知名的网络名称或地址上，用于提供数据服务。而 [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_(computing) [客户端]] 则是一个临时的对等端，它连接到服务器进行数据交换，完成后便离线。
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A [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network ['network]] allows programs located anywhere to exchange information after opting-in to communications by establishing a [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_link ['connection]]. Data may be reliably transferred across a connection in both directions ([@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications) ['full-duplex]]) with bytes arriving in the same order they were sent. These connections, along with the objects and types used to represent them, are collectively termed [link beast.concepts.streams ['streams]]. The computer or device attached to the network is called a [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_(network) ['host]], and the program on the other end of an established connection is called a [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer ['peer]].
A [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network ['network]] allows programs located anywhere to exchange information after opting-in to communications by establishing a [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_link ['connection]]. Data may be reliably transferred across a connection in both directions ([@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications) ['full-duplex]]) with bytes arriving in the same order they were sent. These connections, along with the objects and types used to represent them, are collectively termed [link beast.concepts.streams ['streams]]. The computer or device attached to the network is called a [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_(network) ['host]], and the program on the other end of an established connection is called a网络]] 允许位于任意地点的程序在建立 [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_link [连接]] 并选择通信后进行信息交换。数据可通过连接在双向（[@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications) [全双工]]）上可靠传输，且字节按发送顺序到达。这些连接以及用于表示连接的对象和类型统称为 [link beast.concepts.streams [流]]。连接到网络的计算机或设备称为 [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_(network) [主机]]，已建立连接另一端的程序称为 [@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer ['peer]].对等端]]。
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To use Beast effectively, a prior understanding of Networking is required. This section reviews these concepts as a reminder and guide for further learning.
To use Beast effectively, a prior understanding of Networking is required. This section reviews these concepts as a reminder and guide for further learning.为有效使用 Beast，需要预先理解网络库相关知识。本节对这些概念进行回顾，以作为提醒及进一步学习的指引。
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Refresher
Refresher回顾
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