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Open-addresing Containers
Open-addresing Containers开地址容器
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Since release 1.80.0, prime numbers are chosen for the number of buckets in tandem with sophisticated modulo arithmetic. This removes the need for "mixing" the result of the user's hash function as was used for release 1.79.0.
Since release 1.80.0, prime numbers are chosen for the number of buckets in tandem with sophisticated modulo arithmetic. This removes the need for "mixing" the result of the user's hash function as was used for release 1.79.0.自1.80.0版起，结合精密取模运算选用质数桶量，无需1.79.0版所用的用户哈希函数结果"混合"处理。
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Since release 1.79.0, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_function#Fibonacci_hashing[Fibonacci hashing] is used instead. With this implementation, the bucket number is determined by using `(h * m) >> (w - k)`, where `h` is the hash value, `m` is `2^w` divided by the golden ratio, `w` is the word size (32 or 64), and `2^k` is the number of buckets. This provides a good compromise between speed and distribution.
Since release 自1.79.0,版起，改用 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_function#Fibonacci_hashing[Fibonacci hashing] is used instead. With this implementation, the bucket number is determined by using斐波那契哈希] 。在此实现中，桶编号通过公式 `(h * m) >>>> (w - k)`, where `h` is the hash value, 确定：其中 `h` 为哈希值， `m` is为 `2^w` divided by the golden ratio, `w` is the word size (32 or 64), and `2^k` is the number of buckets. This provides a good compromise between speed and distribution.除以黄金分割比的值， `w` 为字长（32位或64位）， `2^k` 表示桶的数量。此方法在速度和分布均匀性之间实现了较好的平衡。
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To avoid this a transformation could be applied to the hash function, for an example see http://web.archive.org/web/20121102023700/http://www.concentric.net/~Ttwang/tech/inthash.htm[Thomas Wang's article on integer hash functions^]. Unfortunately, a transformation like Wang's requires knowledge of the number of bits in the hash value, so it was only used when `size_t` was 64 bit.
To avoid this a transformation could be applied to the hash function, for an example see为避免此问题，可对哈希函数施加转换操作（具体示例可参阅 http://web.archive.org/web/20121102023700/http://www.concentric.net/~Ttwang/tech/inthash.htm[Thomas Wang's article on integer hash functions^]. Unfortunately, a transformation like Wang's requires knowledge of the number of bits in the hash value, so it was only used when `size_t` was 64 bit.整数哈希函数文章]）。但此类变换需知晓哈希值比特数，故仅在 `size++_++t` 为64位时才会启用。
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Using a power of 2 allows for much quicker selection of the bucket to use, but at the expense of losing the upper bits of the hash value. For some specially designed hash functions it is possible to do this and still get a good result but as the containers can take arbitrary hash functions this can't be relied on.
Using a power of 2 allows for much quicker selection of the bucket to use, but at the expense of losing the upper bits of the hash value. For some specially designed hash functions it is possible to do this and still get a good result but as the containers can take arbitrary hash functions this can't be relied on.使用2的幂次方可加快桶选择速度，但代价是牺牲哈希值的高位比特。对于一些特殊设计的哈希函数，这样做仍能获得良好效果，但由于容器需要兼容任意哈希函数，因此不能依赖这种方法。
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Using a prime number of buckets, and choosing a bucket by using the modulus of the hash function's result will usually give a good result. The downside is that the required modulus operation is fairly expensive. This is what the containers used to do in most cases.
Using a prime number of buckets, and choosing a bucket by using the modulus of the hash function's result will usually give a good result. The downside is that the required modulus operation is fairly expensive. This is what the containers used to do in most cases.使用质数数量的桶，并通过哈希函数结果取模来选择桶，通常能获得良好的分布效果。其缺点在于所需的取模运算开销较大。这是该容器在大多数情况下之前的做法。
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There are two popular methods for choosing the number of buckets in a hash table. One is to have a prime number of buckets, another is to use a power of 2.
There are two popular methods for choosing the number of buckets in a hash table. One is to have a prime number of buckets, another is to use a power of 2.选择哈希表桶数量有两种主流方法：一种是采用质数作为桶的数量，另一种则是使用2的幂次方。
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Number of Buckets
Number of Buckets桶数量
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So closed addressing is used.
So closed addressing is used.因此采用闭寻址方式。
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addressing, users will be surprised if the performance doesn't reflect that.
addressing, users will be surprised if the performance doesn't reflect that.若性能表现不符预期，将会引发用户的困惑。
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And since the standard is written with a eye towards closed
And since the standard is written with a eye towards closed由于该标准的制定主要着眼于闭寻址方案，
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open addressing degrades badly when there are a high number of collisions the restrictions could prevent a rehash when it's really needed. The maximum load factor could be set to a fairly low value to work around this - but the standard requires that it is initially set to 1.0.
open addressing degrades badly when there are a high number of collisions the restrictions could prevent a rehash when it's really needed. The maximum load factor could be set to a fairly low value to work around this - but the standard requires that it is initially set to开放寻址法在发生大量冲突时性能会急剧下降，这些限制可能会阻止必要的重新哈希操作。虽然可以通过设置较低的最大负载因子来规避此问题——但标准要求该值初始必须设为 1.0.。
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There are also the restrictions on when iterators can be invalidated. Since
There are also the restrictions on when iterators can be invalidated. Since此外，标准对迭代器失效的时机也存在限制。由于
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meet the complexity requirements.
meet the complexity requirements.满足复杂度要求。
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Local iterators would be very inefficient and may not be able to
Local iterators would be very inefficient and may not be able to局部迭代器的实现将极为低效，且可能无法
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the elements can't be stored in one array, but will need a layer of indirection instead - losing the efficiency and most of the memory gain, the main advantages of open addressing.
the elements can't be stored in one array, but will need a layer of indirection instead - losing the efficiency and most of the memory gain, the main advantages of open addressing.元素无法存储在一个连续的数组中，而需要增加一层间接寻址——这将损失开放定址法的主要优势，即效率和大部分内存收益。
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The standard requires that pointers to elements aren't invalidated, so
The standard requires that pointers to elements aren't invalidated, so该标准要求指向元素的指针不得失效，因此
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It would be conceivable to write a hash table that uses another method. For example, it could use open addressing, and use the lookup chain to act as a bucket but there are some serious problems with this:
It would be conceivable to write a hash table that uses another method. For example, it could use open addressing, and use the lookup chain to act as a bucket but there are some serious problems with this:理论上完全可以设计采用其他实现方式的哈希表。例如，采用开放寻址法，利用查找链来模拟桶的行为，但这种做法会带来一些严重问题：
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By specifying an interface for accessing the buckets of the container the standard pretty much requires that the hash table uses closed addressing.
By specifying an interface for accessing the buckets of the container the standard pretty much requires that the hash table uses closed addressing.通过制定用于访问容器桶的接口，该标准实质上要求哈希表必须采用闭寻址方案。
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Data Structure
Data Structure数据结构
06/05/2026

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